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  • A wall at the entrance of the Puelma Mine.<br />
<br />
These photographs were taken in the Atacama Desert in different abandoned nitrate mines from the beginning of the 1900's.  Chile used to be one the main exporters of nitrate in the world until Germany invented synthetic nitrate and most of these mines became deserted. The workers used to live in the mines and get paid with tokens. One of the mines, Chacabuco, was used as a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-43.JPG
  • A wall at the entrance of the Puelma Mine.<br />
<br />
These photographs were taken in the Atacama Desert in different abandoned nitrate mines from the beginning of the 1900's.  Chile used to be one the main exporters of nitrate in the world until Germany invented synthetic nitrate and most of these mines became deserted. The workers used to live in the mines and get paid with tokens. One of the mines, Chacabuco, was used as a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-30.JPG
  • A wall at the entrance of the Puelma Mine.<br />
<br />
These photographs were taken in the Atacama Desert in different abandoned nitrate mines from the beginning of the 1900's.  Chile used to be one the main exporters of nitrate in the world until Germany invented synthetic nitrate and most of these mines became deserted. The workers used to live in the mines and get paid with tokens. One of the mines, Chacabuco, was used as a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-20.JPG
  • A wall at the entrance of the Puelma Mine.<br />
<br />
These photographs were taken in the Atacama Desert in different abandoned nitrate mines from the beginning of the 1900's.  Chile used to be one the main exporters of nitrate in the world until Germany invented synthetic nitrate and most of these mines became deserted. The workers used to live in the mines and get paid with tokens. One of the mines, Chacabuco, was used as a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-08.JPG
  • A wall at the entrance of the Puelma Mine.<br />
<br />
These photographs were taken in the Atacama Desert in different abandoned nitrate mines from the beginning of the 1900's.  Chile used to be one the main exporters of nitrate in the world until Germany invented synthetic nitrate and most of these mines became deserted. The workers used to live in the mines and get paid with tokens. One of the mines, Chacabuco, was used as a concentration camp during the Pinochet regime.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-01.JPG
  • The remains of Buenaventur mining town in the higlands near the border with Bolivia, and Aucanquilcha volcano in the background. All the Atacama desert is littered with abandoned mining towns. November 2009.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-09.JPG
  • Loa River, Atacama desert, Chile. November 2009. The Loa River goes through the core of Atacama Desert. For thousand year it was inhabited by Atacameños indigenous culture, but since the starting of mining operations the struggle for water began. Water is captured from the river heads, lakes have been dried up, highly toxic pollution from mining has killed life in a big portion of the river resulting in entire communities leaving their ancestral farming and grassing lands, abandoning what used to be an oasis of life in the driest desert on Earth.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-07.JPG
  • The remains of Buenaventur mining town in the higlands near the border with Bolivia, and Aucanquilcha volcano in the background. All the Atacama desert is littered with abandoned mining towns,  a reminder of the ephemeral of "gold" rushes and what is coming next after the water is gone. November 2009.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-03.JPG
  • Loa River, Atacama desert, Chile. November 2009. The Loa River goes through the core of Atacama Desert. For thousand year it was inhabited by Atacameños indigenous culture, but since the starting of mining operations the struggle for water began. Water is captured from the river heads, lakes have been dried up, highly toxic pollution from mining has killed life in a big portion of the river resulting in entire communities leaving their ancestral farming and grassing lands, abandoning what used to be an oasis of life in the driest desert on Earth.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-01.JPG
  • El Cerro Rico is a mountain that reached 5,000 meters altitude when Spanish settlers arrived and has dwindled to 4,500. For centuries it has been drilled and dynamited to scratch 100 kilometers of tunnels, shafts and branches inside picking, 25,000 tons of pure silver, followed today by taking three million kg of rock a day for tin, zinc and silver. The mountain is a mineral shell increasingly hollow, collapsing hillsides here and there, and fear the day potosinos sad ending, apocalyptic collapse culminating in the history of Cerro Rico in their guts are the bones of dozens of thousands of miners. The mountain that eats men call it, the mouth of hell.There has grown Rogelio Atmioque and his family since he was 9 years old. Now in the twilight of silver mining in Potosi wait patiently to the uncertain future.
    16-HM-Javier-Arcenillas-04.JPG
  • A house at the abandoned miner town Oficina Salitrera Pedro de Valdivia. Atacama desert, Chile. August 2010. The entire desert is littered of abandoned mining towns, a reminder of the ephemeral of "gold" rushes and the perpetual consequences of our acts.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-02.JPG
  • A cementery of abandoned mining towns in Atacama desert, Chile. June 2010. Photo/Tomas Munita
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-21.JPG
  • A farm in Caspana, an oasis in Atacama Desert, northern Chile, January 2009. Caspana is one of the very few places in the desert where villagers - descendants of the Atacameños indigenous group - protected their rights to clean unpolluted waters of Caspana river (a tributary of Loa river) for their agriculture against the cities and mining companies on their quest for water.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-19.JPG
  • Ana Anza, 65, farms garlic in Caspana, an oasis in Atacama Desert, northern Chile, January 2009. Caspana is one of the very few places in the desert where villagers - descendants of the Atacameños indigenous group - protected their rights to clean unpolluted waters of Caspana river (a tributary of Loa river) for their agriculture against the cities and mining companies on their quest for water.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-18.JPG
  • Located in Chile's Atacama Desert, the tiny town of Quillagua is considered to be the driest town on Earth. Although the area hasn't experienced rainfall in some 40 years, it was once considered an oasis as a result of the flow from the Loa River, which propped up the area's agricultural production. The effect of farmers selling their water rights to the mining industry, coupled with chemical pollution of the river, has largely destroyed the area. Now the area is nothing more than a barren land with barely 100 inhabitants, where water has to be brought by trucks from a distant city. Chile. January 2009.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-11.JPG
  • This type of offering is left during the celebrations around the crops in the fields.  This will assure them a good harvest during the year. February is the month dedicated to the Uncle, or devil,  in the mining town of Oruro, and also to the Virgin of the Cave (Virgen del Socavon). Dancers, from all around the state, come to Oruro and flood its streets.  The “Diablada of Oruro” is much more than a popular celebration during carnival. It is a dance dedicated to the misunderstood  devil, or the Uncle, who lives in the guts of Pachamama or mother Earth.  The miners say the Uncle is like a friend that protects them from any accident and helps them find their minerals.  The dancers dance for many hours through out the city and finally get to the church of el Socavon where they get on their knees to offer their dance to the virgin.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-31.JPG
  • A farm in Caspana, an oasis in Atacama Desert, northern Chile, January 2009. Caspana is one of the very few places in the desert where villagers - descendants of the Atacameños indigenous group - protected their rights to clean unpolluted waters of Caspana river (a tributary of Loa river) for their agriculture against the cities and mining companies on their quest for water.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-11.JPG
  • A house at the abandoned miner town Oficina Salitrera Pedro de Valdivia. Atacama desert, Chile. August 2010. The entire desert is littered of abandoned mining towns, a reminder of the danger of  "gold" rushes like the one today, for metals.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-10.JPG
  • Alejandro Sanchez, 76, looks for his sheeps and goats through the abandoned farming lands of Quillagua. He is the last one to rise livestock in this almost ghost town. He used to be a farmer working for landowners, but the landowners sold their water rights to mining companies and left the town, leaving behind people like Mr. Sanchez that had nowhere to live, no water to farm and no job. The animals can only be fed with the fruit of the Algarrobo and Tamarugo trees, they had deep roots so they still survive the drought. But the water they drink from the river is dangerously polluted and doesnt carry water all along the year as it used to do. Atacama desert, Chile. April 2010.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-06.JPG
  • Located in Chile's Atacama Desert, the tiny town of Quillagua is considered to be the driest town on Earth. Although the area hasn't experienced rainfall in some 40 years, it was an oasis as a result of the flow from the Loa River, which propped up the area's agricultural production. The effect of farmers selling their water rights to the mining industry, coupled with chemical pollution of the river, has largely destroyed the area. Now the area is nothing more than a barren land with barely 100 inhabitants, where water has to be brought by trucks from a distant city. Chile. January 2009.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-05.JPG
  • Saturnina Ramos, 76, visits Ojos de San Pedro, a lagoon where she used to live with her community until the lake was dried up by Chuquicamata, a mining company in the 60s. Atacama desert, Chile. August 2010.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-20.JPG
  • Celebration during San Miguel Arcangel, Sanit Patron of Quillagua.  Located in Chile's Atacama Desert, the tiny town of Quillagua is considered to be the driest town on Earth. Although the area hasn't experienced rainfall in some 40 years, it was once considered an oasis as a result of the flow from the Loa River, which propped up the area's agricultural production. The effect of farmers selling their water rights to the mining industry, coupled with chemical pollution of the river, has largely destroyed the area. Now the area is nothing more than a barren land with barely 100 inhabitants. Chile, September 2009. Photo/Tomas Munita
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-14.JPG
  • Saturnina Ramos, 76, visits Ojos de San Pedro, a lagoon where she used to live with her community until the lake was dried up by Chuquicamata, a mining company in the 60s. Atacama desert, Chile. August 2010.
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-12.JPG
  • Alejandro Sanchez, 76, looks for his sheeps and goats through the abandoned farming lands of Quillagua. He is the last one to rise livestock in this almost ghost town. He used to be a farmer working for landowners, but the landowners sold their water rights to mining companies and left the town, leaving behind people like Mr. Sanchez that had nowhere to live, no water to farm and no job. The animals can only be fed with the fruit of the Algarrobo and Tamarugo trees, they had deep roots so they still survive the drought. But the water they drink from the river is dangerously polluted and doesnt carry water all along the year as it used to do. Atacama desert, Chile. April 2010.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-12.JPG
  • Miner Daniel Espinoza waits outside a collapsed copper and gold mine to help in the rescue effort for 33 trapped miners in Copiapo, Chile, Saturday Aug. 7, 2010. The mine collapsed Thursday. <br />
<br />
Minero Daniel Espinoza espera afuera de la mina de cobre y de oro que se derrumbó, para ayudar en las labores de rescate de 33 mineros atrapados en Copiapó, Chile, el sábado 07 de agosto 2010. La mina se derrumbó el jueves.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-03.JPG
  • Relatives of 33 miners trapped in a gold and copper mine, sing and play guitar while waiting for news, August 14, 2010. They still do not know the miners are alive.<br />
<br />
Familiares de 33 mineros atrapados en una mina de oro y cobre, cantan y tocan guitarras a la espera de noticias, el 14 de agosto 2010. Ellos aun no saben que los mineros estan con vida.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-04.JPG
  • Miners chew coca and pay their respects to the uncle of the mine.  The offerings include coca leaves, alcohol, tobacco and llama or sheep sacrifices.
    LAT01-16-RunaKG-A-41.JPG
  • US soldiers carry a comrade from 1-320th Alpha Battery, 2nd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division, to a medical evacuation helicopter after he was seriously wounded by stepping on an improvised mine near COP Nolen, in the volatile Arghandab Valley, Kandahar, Afghanistan, Friday, July 29, 2010. (AP Photo/Rodrigo Abd)
    LAT01-16-AbdR-24.JPG
  • Relatives of trapped miners await the departure of the last of 33 miners trapped in a gold and copper mine in the city of Copiapo, 13 October 2010.<br />
<br />
Familiares de los mineros atrapados esperan la salida del ultimo de los 33 mineros atrapados en una mina de oro y cobre de la ciudad de Copiapo, el 13 de octubre de 2010.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-06.JPG
  • Panoramic photo showing the 3 plans to rescue 33 miners trapped in a copper and gold mine in Copiapo, northern Chile. Plan A, top right, Plan B and Plan C center, left, also the tube through which inputs entrgaban to keep miners alive (bottom right). Finally, the Plan B was the one who made his way to the shelter where they were miners. September 23, 2010.<br />
<br />
Foto panoramica que muestra los 3 planes, para rescatar a 33 mineros atrapados en una mina de cobre y oro en Copiapo, norte de Chile. Plan A, arriba a la derecha, Plan B, al centro y Plan C, a la izquierda, ademas la sonda por donde se entrgaban los insumos para mantener con vida a los mineros ( abajo a la derecha). Finalmente el Plan B fue el que logro llegar al refugio donde se encontraban los mineros. 23 de septiembre 2010.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-05.JPG
  • Relatives wait as rescuers scramble to dig out 33 copper workers trapped inside the San Jose mine in Copiapo, northern Chile, Friday, Aug. 6, 2010. Miners are trapped nearly 1,000 feet (300 meters) below ground after a tunnel caved in. <br />
<br />
Los familiares esperan mientras los rescatistas luchan por desenterrar 33 trabajadores atrapados en el interior de cobre de la mina San José, en Copiapó, al norte de Chile, Viernes, 06 de agosto 2010. Los mineros están atrapados cerca de 1.000 pies (300 metros) bajo tierra después de un túnel se derrumbó pulgadas.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-02.JPG
  • Este ensayo fotografico trata de contar el desarrollo de la estadia de los familiares de los 33 mineros atrapados en una mina de cobre y oroa mas de 700 metros de profundidad. Los familiares llegaron el primer dia con la intencion de saber por la suerte de sus seres queridos, pero se encontraron con que los dueños de la mina y los equipos de rescate no sabian la suerte que habian corrido los 33 trabajadores. Pasaron 17 dias de angustia e incertidumbre, hasta que se logro llegar con una sonda al lugar donde se encontraban vivos los 33 mineros. En ese lapso de tiempo las familias habian instalado carpas y habain convertido ese inospito lugar en un campamento al que llamaron Campamento Esperanza. Su estadia se prolongo por casi 70 dias y yo permaneci alli, fotogarfiando y realcionandome con las personas.<br />
<br />
Relatives of 33 miners trapped in a mine over 700 feet underground, in Copiapo, cry had no news of their relatives, the August 9, 2010, which are four days trapped.<br />
<br />
Familiares de los 33 mineros atrapados en una mina a mas de 700 metros bajo tierra,en Copiapo, lloran al no tener noticias de sus familiares, el 9 de agosto de 2010, que estan cuatro dias atrapados.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-01.JPG
  • Relatives of miners celebrate when the last miner Luis Urzua is hoisted up to the surface at the San Jose mine in Copiapo October 13, 2010. All of Chile's 33 trapped miners were rescued from deep underground in a special capsule on Wednesday as an extraordinary two-month survival story many call a miracle triggered wild celebrations.<br />
<br />
Los familiares de los mineros celebran cuando el último minero Luis Urzúa es izada a la superficie en la mina San José, en Copiapó 13 de octubre 2010. Todas de 33 mineros atrapados en Chile fueron rescatados de las profundidades en una cápsula especial el miércoles como una llamada de supervivencia extraordinaria historia de dos meses más de un milagro provocó celebraciones salvajes.
    LAT01-02-HidaL-A-07.JPG
  • A US medical helicopter arrives to evacuate a soldier from 1-320th Alpha Battery, 2nd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division, seriously wounded when he stepped on an improvised mine near COP Nolen, in the volatile Arghandab Valley, Kandahar, Afghanistan, Friday, July 29, 2010. (AP Photo/Rodrigo Abd)
    LAT01-16-AbdR-25.JPG
  • Worker´s building owned by the Chinese company  Shougang Hierro Peru, abandoned after job cuts years ago, in San Juan de Marcona, Peru. From 3500 workers in the 80s, less than 2000 opertate in the mines today. Only few families still live in this area of the city, the windows are walled up to avoid homeless families to move in. October 2009.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-03.JPG
  • The copper smelter of the state-run Chuquicamata, one of the biggest copper mines in the world. Atacama desert, Chile. April 2010, on
    LAT01-07-MuniT-B-04.JPG
  • The copper smelter of the state-run Chuquicamata, one of the biggest copper mines in the world. Atacama desert, Chile. April 2010.
    LAT01-16-MuniT-A-10.JPG
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